Shoulder pain refers to discomfort in the shoulder joint, muscles, tendons, and ligaments, often stemming from various injuries or conditions due to the joint’s extensive range of motion. Common causes include rotator cuff injuries, frozen shoulder, impingement, bursitis, arthritis, dislocation, fractures, tendonitis, and referred pain from other areas of the body. Risk factors like age, overuse, poor posture, lack of conditioning, previous injuries, certain sports or occupations, genetic predispositions, systemic diseases, and smoking can increase the likelihood of shoulder pain. Preventive measures for shoulder pain include maintaining good posture, strengthening shoulder muscles, warming up and stretching before activities, using proper lifting techniques, avoiding repetitive overhead motions, taking regular breaks during desk work, ensuring ergonomic workspace setups, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Seeking medical attention is essential for severe or sudden onset pain, inability to move the shoulder, persistent or worsening pain, shoulder swelling or deformity, numbness or tingling, or a history of shoulder problems. Treatment can range from pain management and surgical intervention to physiotherapy techniques like rest, hot and cold therapy, assistive devices, lifestyle modifications, and various therapies such as Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator, Muscle Stimulator, Interferential Therapy, Ultrasound, Laser, Therapeutic Exercises, Manual Therapy, Posture Correction and Functional Rehabilitation, along with education and self-management strategies.
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